Retinal vascular occlusions after nonocular surgeries / Oclusões vasculares retinianas após cirurgias não oculares

ABSTRACT Ophthalmologic complications of nonocular surgeries are rare events, but can lead to irreversible conditions of low visual acuity. They are often associated with spine, heart and neck surgery, however they can occur after procedures on other systems. The main local causes are ischemic optic neuropathies, vascular occlusions, cortical lesions, and acute angle-closure glaucoma. We report two cases of sudden low visual acuity secondary to vascular occlusions after gastrointestinal procedures. In the first case, a 57-year-old patient electively admitted for colon reconstruction after Hartmann's colostomy, progressed with intra- and postoperative complications and required subsequent complementary surgeries. Once month later he presented with sudden bilateral low visual acuity, painless and non-altitudinal, and was diagnosed as papillophlebitis, which resolved spontaneously with the progression of the condition. The second case, a 69-year-old patient with no comorbidities underwent rectal resection due to suspected malignant tumor, and progressed on the third postoperative day, with pain and bilateral low visual acuity secondary to acute angle-closure glaucoma, and branch retinal artery occlusion in right eye; treated with iridotomy and ocular hypotensive eye drops, with only slight recovery of vision. The article aims to discuss the etiological mechanisms of the reported conditions and present a literature review.

RESUMO Complicações oftalmológicas de cirurgias não oculares são raras, mas podem levar a condições irreversíveis de baixa acuidade visual. Em geral são associadas à cirurgia de coluna, coração ou pescoço, mas podem ocorrer após procedimentos em outros sistemas. As principais causas são neuropatias ópticas isquêmicas, oclusões vasculares, lesões corticais, e glaucoma agudo de ângulo fechado. Relatamos dois casos de baixa acuidade visual súbita, secundária a oclusões vasculares, após procedimentos cirúrgicos gastrointestinais. No primeiro caso, um paciente de 57 anos foi internado de forma eletiva para reconstrução do cólon após colostomia de Hartmann. Evoluiu com complicações nos períodos intra- e pós-operatório, e necessitou de outras cirurgias complementares. Um mês depois apresentou baixa acuidade visual bilateral súbita, indolor e não altitudinal, e foi diagnosticado como papiloflebite, com resolução espontânea na evolução. O segundo caso, uma paciente de 69 anos, sem comorbidades, foi submetida à ressecção do reto por suspeita de tumor maligno e, no terceiro dia de pós-operatório, evoluiu com dor e baixa acuidade visual bilateral, secundária a glaucoma agudo de ângulo fechado, e oclusão de ramo da artéria retiniana no olho direito; tratada com iridotomia e colírios hipotensores, com recuperação parcial da visão. O objetivo do artigo é discutir os mecanismos etiológicos das doenças relatadas, e apresentar uma revisão da literatura.

Estrategia de superación para el mejoramiento del desempeño profesional de oftalmólogos de la Atención Primaria de Salud en Santiago de Cuba / Training strategy for improving the professional performance in primary health care ophthalmologists in Santiago de Cuba

El vertiginoso desarrollo científico - tecnológico de la oftalmología requiere de una actualización sistemática desde el punto de vista teórico - práctico. A tales efectos, se diseñó una estrategia de superación para el mejoramiento del desempeño profesional de los oftalmólogos de la Atención Primaria de Salud dirigida a la atención integral de los pacientes con oclusiones vasculares retinianas. Se emplearon métodos de los niveles teórico y empírico. Fue diseñada en 4 etapas y se utilizó el ciclo Deming como referente metodológico. Se establecieron relaciones esenciales que ofrecen coherencia lógica interna a la educación médica en su concepción como ciencia en construcción, en particular en el área de la formación permanente y continuada de los profesionales de la salud, al profundizar en el orden conceptual, metodológico y epistemológico en los procesos de desempeño profesional y superación.

The fast scientific and technological development of Ophthalmology requires a systematic updating from the theoretical and practical points of view. To such effects, a training strategy was designed for the improvement of professional performance of the primary care ophthalmologists directed to the comprehensive care of patients with retinal vascular occlusions. Empiric and theoretical level methods were used. The strategy was designed in 4 stages and the Deming cycle was implemented as methodological referent. Essential relationships were established which offer internal logical coherence to the Medical Education in its conception as science, particularly in the area of permanent and continued training of the health professionals, as there is a deepening in the conceptual, methodological and epistemological order in the processes of professional and training performance.

Central retinal artery occlusion and central retinal vein occlusion in contralateral eye / Oclusão da artéria central da retina com oclusão da veia central em olho contralateral

ABSTRACT The case of a 55-year-old male who presented central retinal vein occlusion with marked macular ischemia in left eye is reported. Despite the intervention with sustained-release dexamethasone polymer injection and other clinical measures, the visual acuity was severely reduced in left eye. After 8 months, he returned to the emergency with acute visual loss of 2 hours of progression in right eye due to a central retinal artery occlusion, sparing only the territory of the cilioretinal artery. Patient underwent clinical maneuvers with anterior chamber paracentesis and intravenous injection of tissue plasminogen activator. Fluorescein angiography immediately after the procedures showed recanalization, but despite arterial vasodilation, no complete recanalization was observed after 24 hours. The patient developed retinal atrophy.

RESUMO Apresenta-se o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino, de 55 anos, com oclusão de veia central retiniana com acentuada isquemia macular em olho esquerdo. Apesar da intervenção com injeção de polímero de liberação lenta de dexametasona e outras medidas clínicas tomadas, ele evoluiu com severa baixa da acuidade visual em olho esquerdo. Após 8 meses, retornou à emergência com perda visual aguda de 2 horas de evolução em olho direito devido à oclusão de artéria central retiniana, poupando apenas o território da artéria ciliorretiniana. O paciente foi submetido a manobras clínicas, com paracentese de câmara anterior e injeção endovenosa de ativador do plasminogênio tecidual. A angiografia fluoresceínica imediatamente após as manobras mostrou recanalização, porém, a despeito do vasodilatador arterial, não foi observada completa recanalização com 24 horas. O paciente evoluiu com atrofia retiniana.

Evaluation of the retinal vasculature of patients with branch retinal vein occlusion using optical coherence tomography angiography / Avaliação da vasculatura da retina em pacientes com oclusão de ramo da veia central da retina utilizando a angiografia por tomografia de coerência óptica

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate vascular density in super­ficial and deep capillary plexuses of the retina, measured using optical coherence tomography angiography in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion. Affected eyes were compared with the contralateral eye of the same patient and both were compared with normal eyes. Methods: A cross-sectional study including 16 previously untreated patients with branch retinal vein occlusion. Patients with poor quality examinations, bilateral disease, high refractive error, or any other retinal or choroidal disease were excluded. A total of 31 patients without eye disease were also selected as a comparison group. All participants underwent five optical coherence tomography angiographies, and only those with at least two good quality examinations were selected. The Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon signed-rank, and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for the statistical analysis. Results: Vascular density was lower in affected eyes compared with contralateral eyes: whole density (p=0.020 for capillary plexuses superficial; p=0.049 for deep capillary plexuses) and parafoveal density (p=0.020 for capillary plexuses superficial; p=0.011 for deep capillary plexuses). Vascular density was also lower in affected eyes compared with normal eyes: whole density (p<0.001 for capillary plexuses superficial and deep) and parafoveal density (p<0.001 for capillary plexuses superficial and deep). Whole density (p=0.001 for capillary plexuses superficial and deep) and parafoveal density (p=0.001 for capillary plexuses superficial; p<0.001 for deep capillary plexuses) were both lower in the contralateral eyes compared with normal eyes. Following adjustment for arterial hypertension, this difference was no longer observed. Conclusions: Vascular density in capillary plexuses and deep capillary plexuses was lower in the eyes affected by branch retinal vein occlusion. Furthermore, the lower vascular density noted in the contralateral eyes indicates that changes most likely occurred in these eyes prior to the appearance of any clinically detectable alterations, reflecting the early signs of hypertensive retinopathy.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a densidade vascular do plexo capilar superficial e profundo da retina, usando angiografia por tomografia de coerência óptica em pacientes com oclusão de ramo da veia central da retina, comparando o olho afetado com o contralateral do mesmo paciente e ambos com olhos normais. Métodos: Estudo transversal. Incluídos dezesseis pacientes com oclusão de ramo da veia central da retina sem tratamento prévio. Pacientes com exames de baixa qualidade, altas ametropias, outras patologias de retina ou coróide foram excluídos. Para comparação, trinta e um pacientes sem doença ocular foram selecionados. Todos foram submetidos a cinco exames angiografia por tomografia de coerência óptica, apenas aqueles com pelo menos dois exames de boa qualidade permaneceram no estudo. Os testes Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon, e Mann-Whitney foram utilizados. Resultados: Densidades vasculares mais baixas do plexo capilar superficial e plexo capilar profundo foram observadas quando olhos com oclusão de ramo da veia central da retina foram comparados com os contralaterais: densidade total (p=0,02 para plexo capilar superficial, p=0,049 para plexo capilar profundo), densidade parafoveal (p=0,02 para plexo capilar superficial, p=0,011 para plexo capilar profundo). Comparando olhos acometidos com olhos normais, também foram observadas densidades vasculares mais baixas de plexo capilar superficial e plexo capilar profundo: densidade total (ambos com p<0,001) e densidade parafoveal (ambos com p<0,001). Quando os olhos contralaterais foram comparados aos normais, tanto a densidade total do plexo capilar superficial e plexo capilar profundo (ambos com p=0,001) quanto a densidade parafoveal (plexo capilar superficial com p=0,001, plexo capilar profundo com p<0,001) foram menores. Ao se realizar uma subanálise, minimizando o fator hipertensão arterial, esta diferença não se manteve. Conclusões: Densidades vasculares mais baixas do plexo capilar superficial e do plexo capilar profundo foram observadas em olhos com oclusão de ramo da veia central da retina. Além disso, a presença de densidades vasculares mais baixas nos olhos contralaterais mostra que já existem altera­ções nesses olhos antes das alterações clínicas, devido a al­terações inicias da retinopatia hipertensiva.

Factores de riesgo asociados a oclusiones venosas retinianas / Risk factors associated to retinal vein occlusion

RESUMEN Objetivos: Identificar los factores epidemiológicos, sistémicos y oculares de las oclusiones venosas retinianas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, transversal y prospectivo de los casos nuevos de oclusiones venosas retinianas que acudieron al Cuerpo de Guardia del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología "Ramón Pando Ferrer", durante el período de marzo del año 2017 a marzo de 2018. Se estudiaron las variables epidemiológicas, los antecedentes patológicos sistémicos y los oculares. Los resultados se expresaron en frecuencias absolutas y relativas (variables cualitativas) y se calculó la media y la desviación estándar en las cuantitativas. Resultados: En el período se estudiaron 50 ojos de 50 pacientes diagnosticados con oclusión venosa retiniana. La edad promedio fue de 66 años (9,5 desviación estándar). Prevaleció la raza blanca (44 por ciento), sin predilección por sexo. Fueron más frecuentes la oclusión de la vena central de la retina (60 por ciento) y las formas no isquémicas de daño vascular (78 por ciento), así como la hipertensión arterial (78 por ciento), la obesidad (36 por ciento) y la diabetes mellitus (34 por ciento) como factores de riesgo sistémicos asociados, y el glaucoma crónico (24 por ciento) como factor ocular. Conclusiones: Las oclusiones venosas retinianas se presentan en edades avanzadas y asociadas a factores de riesgo sistémicos y oculares(AU)

ABSTRACT Objectives: Identify the epidemiological, systemic and ocular factors associated to retinal vein occlusion. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional observational prospective study was conducted of the new cases of retinal vein occlusion presenting at the Emergency Service of Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology from March 2017 to March 2018. Analysis was performed of epidemiological variables and systemic and ocular pathological antecedents. Results were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies (qualitative variables), whereas quantitative variables underwent mean and standard deviation estimation. Results: Fifty eyes of 50 patients diagnosed with retinal vein occlusion were studied in the period. Mean age was 66 years (9.5 standard deviation). White skin color prevailed (44 percent) with no sex predominance. The most common disorders were central vein retinal occlusion (60 percent) and non-ischemic forms of vascular damage (78 percent), as well as arterial hypertension (78 percent), obesity (36 percent) and diabetes mellitus (34 percent) as associated systemic risk factors, and chronic glaucoma (24 percent) as an ocular factor. Conclusions: Retinal vein occlusion presents at advanced ages and is associated to systemic and ocular risk factors(AU)

Retinopatia vaso-oclusiva por lúpus eritematoso sistêmico associada à síndrome do anticorpo antifosfolipídeo / Vaso-occlusive retinopathy by systemic lupus erythematosus associated with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

Resumo Relatar um caso de paciente com Retinopatia vaso-oclusiva por Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico (LES) associado à Síndrome do Anticorpo Antifosfolipídeo (SAF), que se iniciou com um quadro de anemia hemolítica autoimune acompanhado por baixa visual súbita monocular. Poucos casos foram descritos na literatura nacional e mundial em que o LES se manifeste primeiramente com alterações oculares. O screening dos Anticorpos antifosfolípideos (APAs) é de suma importância para pacientes com retinopatia lúpica para que seja instituída a terapia imediata com anticoagulantes como forma de prevenir a trombose vascular, o que piora o prognóstico visual.

Abstract To report the case of a patient with vaso-occlusive retinopathy due to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) associated with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APAS), which started with signs and symptoms of autoimune hemolytic anemia accompanied by sudden monocular visual loss. Few cases of SLE manifestation primarily involving ocular changes have been reported in the Brazilian and international literature. Screening for antiphospholipid antibodies is of the greatest importance for patients with lupus retinopathy, so that immediate therapy with anticoagulants may be instituted in order to prevent vascular thrombosis, which worsens the visual prognosis.

Epidémiologie et clinique des occlusions veineuses rétiniennes en milieu hospitalier camerounais

But. Décrire les caractéristiques épidémiologiques et cliniques des occlusions veineuses rétiniennes en milieu hospitalier camerounais. Patients et Méthodes. Cette étude transversale descriptive a porté sur 5055 dossiers de patients diabétiques examinés de Janvier 2010 à Décembre 2015 au Centre de Référence de Rétine pour la Prévention et de Prise en Charge de la Rétinopathie Diabétique de Yaoundé. Les variables étudiées incluaient l'œil atteint, la topographie des lésions, le type d'occlusion et les principaux facteurs de risque. Résultats. Soixante dix cas (72 yeux) d'occlusions veineuses rétiniennes ont été observés, soit une prévalence hospitalière de 1,38%. L'âge moyen des patients était de 61± 5,6 ans et le sex ratio de 1,33. L'œil droit était atteint dans 43 (62,26 %) cas. L'occlusion était de branche veineuse dans 44 (61,10 %) yeux et centrale dans 28 (38,88 %). Le type œdémateux prédominait avec 38 (54,90%) cas suivi de l'ischémique avec 27 (37,59 %) et du mixte avec 5 (7,48 %) cas. Les facteurs de risque étaient principalement l'hypertension artérielle avec 15 (21,42 %) cas, le diabète de type 2 avec 12 (17,14 %) et l'hypertonie avec 10 (14,28 %). Conclusion. Les occlusions veineuses rétiniennes sont fréquentes et devraient faire l'objet d'une recherche étiologique systématique pour chacun des cas dans notre milieu

Venous Occlusion in a Case of Orbital Cellulitis

No abstract available.

A Case of Ocular Decompression Retinopathy Mimicking Central Retinal Vein Occlusion

No abstract available.

Nanophthalmos and hemiretinal vein occlusion: a case report

Many risk factors have been linked to retinal vein occlusions [RVOs] whether central or branch retinal vein occlusion. Ocular risk factors include glaucoma and hypermetropia. Controversy exists to whether short axial length is a risk factor for retinal vein occlusions. We report an extreme case that supports the latter hypothesis. A 33-year-old male presented with decreased visual acuity in the left eye. He turned out to have nanophthalmos with hemiretinal vein occlusion and macular edema with unremarkable systemic work up for retinal vein occlusion except for a glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] level of 7%. To our knowledge this is the first case report of hemiretinal vein occlusion in the setting of nanophthalmos and suggests that short axial length may be a risk factor for retinal vein occlusion

Suspected Bacterial Endophthalmitis Following Sustained-release Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant: A Case Report

A 58-year-old man admitted to our opthalmology department with the complaint of branch retinal vein occlusion. He was treated with intravitreal Ozurdex in the right eye. Two days after the injection, the patient presented with ocular pain and the visual acuity was hand movement. A diagnosis of endophthalmitis was made. We performed emergent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and the implant was removed from the vitreous cavity using a retinal forceps. A combination of vancomycin 1.0 mg and amikacin 0.4 mg was injected intravitreally. However, because of the blurring in the vitreus one week after the procedure, phacoemulsification and a repeat PPV was performed. Five days after the last procedure the signs and symptoms of endophthalmitis were resolved. Our case demonstrated that endophthalmitis could develop after intravitreal implantation of Ozurdex. Surgical removal of the implant and immediate vitrectomy seems to be a useful treatment option in these cases.

Comparison between Glaucomatous and Non-glaucomatous Eyes with Unilateral Retinal Vein Occlusion in the Fellow Eye

PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare the clinical and angiographic characteristics of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) in glaucomatous and non-glaucomatous eyes with unilateral RVO in the fellow eye. METHODS: Twenty-one glaucomatous eyes (GL group) and 25 age-matched non-glaucomatous eyes (non-GL group) with unilateral RVO in the fellow eye were included in this study. Fluorescein angiographic images were assessed in both groups by 3 retina specialists in order to determine the RVO occlusion site. The occlusion site was divided into 2 types: arteriovenous (AV)-crossing and non-AV-crossing (optic cup or optic nerve sited). The clinical characteristics and prevalence of AV-crossing and non-AV-crossing RVO were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: The mean baseline intraocular pressures of the RVO eye and the fellow eye did not differ between the 2 groups (RVO eye: 14.3 +/- 2.5 mmHg [non-GL group], 15.5 +/- 3.9 mmHg [GL group], p = 0.217; fellow eye: 14.4 +/- 2.5 mmHg [non-GL group], 15.7 +/- 3.7 mmHg [GL group], p = 0.148). The prevalence of systemic disease did not differ between the 2 groups (e.g., diabetes mellitus and hypertension, p = 0.802 and 0.873, respectively). AV-crossing RVO was significantly more frequent in the non-GL group (19 eyes; 76%) than in the GL group (4 eyes, 19%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Non-AV-crossing RVO, i.e., optic cup- or optic nerve-sited RVO, is more frequently associated with glaucomatous changes in the fellow eye. Therefore, this type of RVO should be monitored more carefully for indications of glaucoma in the fellow eye.

Single intravitreal bevacizumab injection effects on contrast sensitivity in macular edema from branch retinal vein occlusion / Efeito de uma única injeção intravítrea de bevacizumabe sobre a sensibilidade ao contraste no edema macular causado por oclusão de ramo venoso da retina

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of a single intravitreal bevacizumab injection on visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and optical coherence tomography-measured central macular thickness in eyes with macular edema from branch retinal vein occlusion. METHODS: Seventeen eyes of 17 patients with macular edema from unilateral branch retinal vein occlusion were treated with a single bevacizumab injection. Patients were submitted to a complete evaluation including best corrected visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and optical coherence tomography measurements before treatment and one and three months after injection. Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and optical coherence tomography measurements were compared to baseline values. RESULTS: Mean visual acuity measurement improved from 0.77 logMAR at baseline to 0.613 logMAR one month after injection (P=0.0001) but worsened to 0.75 logMAR after three months. Contrast sensitivity test demonstrated significant improvement at spatial frequencies of 3, 6, 12 and 18 cycles/degree one month after injection and at the spatial frequency of 12 cycles/degree three months after treatment. Mean ± standard deviation baseline central macular thickness (552 ± 150 µm) reduced significantly one month (322 ± 127 µm, P=0.0001) and three months (439 ± 179 µm, P=0.01) after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Bevacizumab injection improves visual acuity and contrast sensitivity and reduces central macular thickness one month after treatment. Visual acuity returns to baseline levels at the 3-month follow-up, but some beneficial effect of the treatment is still present at that time, as evidenced by optical coherence tomography-measured central macular thickness and contrast sensitivity measurements.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito de uma única injeção intravítrea de bevacizumabe na função visual, sensibilidade ao contraste, em olhos com edema macular causado por oclusão de ramo venoso retiniano. MÉTODOS: Dezessete olhos de 17 pacientes com edema macular unilateral causado por oclusão de ramo venoso retiniano foram tratados com uma única injeção intravítrea de bevacizumabe. Pacientes previamente foram submetidos a exame ocular completo, sensibilidade ao contraste, variável de maior interesse, melhor acuidade visual corrigida e tomografia de coerência óptica e foram reavaliados no 1º e 3º mês de seguimento. RESULTADOS: O teste de sensibilidade ao contraste demonstrou melhora significante nas frequências espaciais 3, 6, 12 e 18 ciclos/grau (c/g) no primeiro mês de seguimento e na frequência espacial 12 c/g após o 3º mês de tratamento. A média da acuidade visual melhorou de 0,77 no pré-tratamento para 0,61 logMAR no 1º mês de seguimento (P=0,0001), com piora ao final do 3º mês, 0,75 logMAR. A média da espessura foveal central (552 ± 150 µm) reduziu significantemente no 1º (322 ± 127 µm, P=0,0001) e 3º (439 ± 179 µm, P=0,01) mês de seguimento. CONCLUSÃO: No edema macular causado por oclusão de ramo venoso retiniano, uma única injeção intravítrea de bevacizumabe melhora a sensibilidade ao contraste, acuidade visual e reduz a espessura foveal central após 1 mês de tratamento. Após 3 meses de seguimento, ainda é possível observar benefício com o tratamento, como foi evidenciado pela sensibilidade ao contraste e a medida da espessura foveal central à tomografia de coerência óptica.

Oclusiones venosas retinales / Retinal vein occlusion

Las oclusiones venosas retinales constituyen una importante causa de deterioro de la agudeza visual. Su evolución y manejo mediante fotocoagulación retinal con láser se encuentra bien documentada por importantes estudios clínicos. Actualmente se ha sumado el uso de agentes antiangiogénicos para el tratamiento de sus complicaciones, en especial del Edema macular secundario. Se analizan cuadros clínicos, complicaciones y manejo de la Oclusión de Rama Venosa Retinal y de la Oclusión de Vena Central de la Retina resaltando el uso de terapia intravítrea con Triamcinolona

The retinal vein occlusion constitute an important cause of deterioration of visual acuity. Their evolution and management through retinal photocoagulation wuith laser, is well documented by important clinical studies. At present the use of antiangiogenics agents for the treatment of its complications has been added, and especially secondary macular edema. Clinical cases are analysed as well as complications and handling of the Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion and the Central Retinal Vein occlusion. The use of Triamcinolone and Ranibizumab is highlighted

Central retinal vein occlusion in a patient after being commenced on sildenafil citrate for pulmonary arterial hypertension.

A 75-year-old female was commenced on sildenafil for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) secondary to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). She reported blurring of vision within 72 hours after starting treatment and was found to have a central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). Such an occurrence is the second case reported to date, and we review the possible mechanisms and literature on the subject.

Central retinal vein occlusion following Sirsasana (headstand posture).

We report a case of central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) following Sirsasana, a head-down postural yoga. A 55-year-old male patient presented to us, with sudden-onset loss of vision following Sirsasana, in the right eye. The patient had suffered from pulmonary thromboembolism 5 years earlier and was receiving warfarin prophylaxis. Over 6 months of follow-up, the patient developed neovascularization of the iris and was subjected to panretinal laser with no improvement in visual acuity. Sirsasana could be an important risk factor for CRVO especially in predisposed patients.

Prevalência de hipertensão arterial em pacientes com oclusão do ramo da veia central da retina / Prevalence of arterial hypertension in branch retinal vein occlusion patients

OBJETIVOS: Identificar em pacientes com oclusão do ramo da veia central da retina utilizando a monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial e medidas clínicas da pressão arterial: prevalência de hipertensão e o perfil noturno da pressão arterial. MÉTODOS: Prospectivamente, 93 olhos de 83 pacientes com oclusão do ramo da veia central da retina foram submetidos à avaliação oftalmológica. Após, os pacientes foram encaminhados para avaliação clínica e monitorização da pressão arterial. Pacientes sem descenso da pressão durante o sono ("non-dipper") foram definidos como um declínio na pressão arterial sistólica < 10 por cento, e pacientes com descenso presente ("dipper") quando este valor fosse superior. RESULTADOS: A doença acometeu um olho em 73 (88 por cento) pacientes. O ramo temporal superior foi o local da oclusão em 61 (65,6 por cento) olhos, no restante o ramo temporal inferior foi afetado. Setenta e seis (92 por cento) pacientes formam diagnosticados como hipertensos após a avaliação clínica. A monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial identificou 76 hipertensos, 5 normotensos, 1 hipertenso do avental branco e 1 hipertenso mascarado. Estes 2 últimos foram excluídos da análise. Dos 81 pacientes, analisados. Quarenta (49 por cento) eram "dippers" e 41 (51 por cento) "non-dippers". Entre os hipertensos (n=76), 36 (47,4 por cento) eram "dippers" e 40 (52,6 por cento) "non-dippers". CONCLUSÃO: Prevalência de hipertensão arterial em nosso estudo foi extremamente elevada (92,8 por cento), que sugere que a fisiopatologia da doença tem íntima relação com as alterações promovidas pela hipertensão. Pouco mais da metade dos hipertensos eram "non-dipper" (n=40; 52,6 por cento). Estas evidências sugerem que um nível sustentado de pressão arterial possa ser um fator de risco adicional para a oclusão do ramo da veia central da retina.

PURPOSE: To identify in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and clinical blood pressure measures: hypertension prevalence, and nocturnal profile of blood pressure. METHODS: Prospectively, 93 eyes of 83 patients with branch retinal vein occlusion were submitted to ophthalmological examination. Afterwards the patients were submitted to clinical evaluation and blood pressure monitoring. Non-dipper was defined as a fall in systolic blood pressure < 10 percent, and dipper when this value was higher. RESULTS: Disease affected one eye in 73 (88 percent) patients. The temporal superior branch was the site of occlusion in 61 (65.6 percent) eyes, while in the others the infero-temporal branch was affected. Seventy six (92 percent) patients were diagnosed as hypertensive after clinical evaluation. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring identified 76 hipertensives, 5 normotensives, 1 white-coat hypertensive and one masked hypertensive subjects. The two latter were excluded from the analysis. Of the 81 analyzed patients, forty (49 percent) were dippers and 41 (51 percent) were non-dippers. Among the HT (n=76), 36 (47 percent) were dippers and 40 (53 percent) were non-dippers. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of hypertension in our series was extremely high (92 percent) which suggests that physiopathology of the disease has a close relationship with changes promoted by hypertension. A little more than half of the hypertensives were non-dippers (n=40; 52,6 percent). These evidences suggest that a 24-hour sustained level of blood pressure may be an additional risk factor for branch retinal vein occlusion.

Síndrome do anticorpo antifosfolípide causando oclusão bilateral de artérias e veias centrais da retina: relato de caso / Antiphospholipid syndrome and bilateral retinal artery and vein occlusion: case report

A síndrome do anticorpo antifosfolípide (SAF) tem sido associada a trombose de vasos arteriais e periféricos e de grande ou pequeno calibre. Também os vasos oculares estão sujeitos à ação destes auto-anticorpos que podem promover o aparecimento de perda visual transitória, diplopia, neuropatia óptica isquêmica e oclusão de artéria ou veia da retina. É descrito aqui, um caso de síndrome do anticorpo antifosfolípide com oclusão de vasos centrais arteriais e venosos da retina no intuito de chamar a atenção para este tipo de diagnóstico.

The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) has been related to venous and arterial thrombosis of large and small vessels. Ocular vessels can also be involved causing transient visual loss, diplopia, ischemic optic neuropathy and central artery and venous occlusion. We describe here a case of antiphospholipid syndrome with occlusion of central retinal artery and vein to call the attention to this diagnosis.

Oclusão venosa central de retina na remissão de doença de Crohn: relato de caso / Retinal central vein occlusion in remission of Crohn's disease: case report

As doenças inflamatórias intestinais consistem na doença de Crohn e na retocolite ulcerativa. São caracterizadas pela inflamação crônica das alças intestinais. Os estudos e pesquisas sobre o processo inflamatório trouxeram avanços quanto ao tratamento destas doenças. As complicações sistêmicas das doenças inflamatórias intestinais envolvem muitos órgãos, incluindo os olhos. A verdadeira incidência de complicações oculares nas doenças inflamatórias intestinais é desconhecida, mas de acordo com a literatura varia de 3,5 por cento a 11,8 por cento. As complicações oftalmológicas normalmente têm origem inflamatória. Os autores descrevem um caso clínico de uma paciente portadora de doença de Crohn que desenvolveu oclusão venosa central da retina (OVCR) e papiloflebite, sem nenhuma outra doença retiniana vascular associada, durante a fase de remissão da doença. O objetivo deste relato de caso é reforçar a importância da realização do exame oftalmológico completo de rotina nas doenças inflamatórias intestinais.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Both diseases are characterized by chronic inflammation of the intestines. The advances in understanding the inflammatory process improved the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. The systemic complications of inflammatory bowel disease involve several organs included the eyes. The incidence of eye complications in IBD is unknown, but according to the literature the incidence vary between 3.5 percent and 11.8 percent. The ophthalmic complications are usually of inflammatory origin. We report a case of a patient with Crohn's disease that developed central retinal vein occlusion and papillophlebitis without any other retinal vascular disease during remission. The aim of this paper is to reinforce the importance of complete ophthalmic examination perform as a routine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.